Sexual and reproductive health in military settings: A qualitative study.

Mission readiness is critical to the operational success of the United States (US) military and includes having a healthy and fit fighting force. Service members and their dependents have access to a wide range of sexual and reproductive health services with no out-of-pocket costs. Despite this access, negative outcomes such as sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unintended pregnancy persist. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with service members and stakeholders (e.g. medical providers). Interviews explored the individual, interpersonal, organizational, and institutional factors that inform sexual norms, behaviors, and healthcare experiences in the US military. Interview transcripts were coded manually; data were summarized for themes related to unique aspects of military culture and healthcare affecting sexual and reproductive health. Twenty-five (25) service members and 15 stakeholders completed interviews. Four themes emerged: 1) despite free access, both general and military-specific barriers to sexual and reproductive healthcare persist; 2) general and military-specific cultural norms apply to sexual behavior and care seeking; 3) sexual and reproductive health-related norms can be perceived as confusing and contradictory within the military; and 4) resources addressing sexual assault are ubiquitous in military settings, but resources addressing prevention of STIs and unintended pregnancy are limited. Both general and military-specific norms, behavior, and healthcare experiences need to be considered in clinical care, public health campaigns, and other efforts to promote sexual and reproductive health in military settings.

Longitudinally assessed maternal sleep position, measures of breathing during sleep, and fetal growth in high-risk pregnancies.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Subjective recall of supine sleep during pregnancy has been linked to increased risk of stillbirth, but longitudinal, objective data are lacking. We aimed to examine how sleep position and breathing parameters change throughout pregnancy, and investigated associations between maternal supine sleep, assessed objectively in early and late gestation, and fetal growth velocity in high-risk women. METHODS: Women with singleton pregnancies and body mass index (BMI) ≥27 kg/m2 underwent level-III sleep apnea testing. Sleep position was assessed by accelerometry. We derived percentiles of estimated fetal weight and birthweight using FetalGPSR software, then calculated growth velocity as change in percentile/week between the second-trimester anatomy scan and birth. RESULTS: In total, 446 women were included, with N = 126 in the longitudinal sleep pattern analysis and N = 83 in the fetal growth analysis. Sleep-onset position and predominant sleep position were significantly correlated in both early (p = 0.001) and late (p < 0.01) pregnancy. However, supine going-to-bed position predicted predominant supine sleep in only 47% of women. Between early and late pregnancy there was a reduction in predominant supine sleepers (51.6% to 30.2%). Percent of sleep spent supine and oxygen desaturation index, in the third trimester, were significantly associated after BMI adjustment (B = 0.018, p = 0.04). Models did not suggest significant effects of early or late pregnancy supine sleep on growth velocity (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Going-to-bed position predicts predominant supine sleep in less than half of women with overweight and obesity. Time spent supine throughout pregnancy correlates with measures of sleep-disordered breathing. Maternal sleep position patterns did not affect fetal growth velocity in this high-risk population, but the study was not powered to detect differences.

A Longitudinal Study of Respiratory Mechanics in Pregnant Women with Obesity and Overweight.

PURPOSE: Respiratory mechanics and the role of sex hormones in pregnancy are not well elucidated. We examined longitudinal and positional changes in lung mechanics in pregnancy and investigated the role of sex hormones. METHODS: A longitudinal study enrolled 135 women with obesity in early pregnancy. Fifty-nine percent of women identified as White; median body mass index at enrollment was 34.4 kg/m2. Women with respiratory disease were excluded. We obtained measurements of airway resistance and respiratory system reactance in various positions using impedance oscillometry and sex hormones in early and late pregnancy. RESULTS: With pregnancy progression, there was a significant increase in resonant frequency (Fres) (p = 0.012), integrated area of low frequency reactance (AX) (p = 0.0012) and R5-R20Hz (p = 0.038) in the seated position, and a significant increase in R5Hz (p = 0.000), Fres (p = 0.001), AX (p < 0.001 = 0.000), and R5-R20Hz (p = 0.014) in the supine position. Compared to the seated position, the supine position was associated with a significant increase in R5Hz, R20Hz, X5Hz, Fres, and AX in early (p-values < 0.026) and late pregnancy (p-values ≤ 0.001). Changes in progesterone levels between early and late pregnancy predicted the change in R5, Fres, and AX (p-values ≤ 0.043). CONCLUSION: Resistive and elastic loads increase with pregnancy progression and a change in body position from seated to supine increases resistive and elastic loads in both early and late pregnancies. The increase in airway resistance is primarily related to an increase in peripheral rather than central airways resistance. There was an association between the change in progesterone levels and airway resistance.

The lipidomes of C. elegans with mutations in asm-3/acid sphingomyelinase and hyl-2/ceramide synthase show distinct lipid profiles during aging.

Lipid metabolism affects cell and physiological functions that mediate animal healthspan and lifespan. Lipidomics approaches in model organisms have allowed us to better understand changes in lipid composition related to age and lifespan. Here, using the model C. elegans, we examine the lipidomes of mutants lacking enzymes critical for sphingolipid metabolism; specifically, we examine acid sphingomyelinase (asm-3), which breaks down sphingomyelin to ceramide, and ceramide synthase (hyl-2), which synthesizes ceramide from sphingosine. Worm asm-3 and hyl-2 mutants have been previously found to be long- and short-lived, respectively. We analyzed longitudinal lipid changes in wild type animals compared to mutants at 1-, 5-, and 10-days of age. We detected over 700 different lipids in several lipid classes. Results indicate that wildtype animals exhibit increased triacylglycerols (TAG) at 10-days compared to 1-day, and decreased lysophoshatidylcholines (LPC). We find that 10-day hyl-2 mutants have elevated total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and increased LPCs compared to 10-day wildtype animals. These changes mirror another short-lived model, the daf-16/FOXO transcription factor that is downstream of the insulin-like signaling pathway. In addition, we find that hyl-2 mutants have poor oxidative stress response, supporting a model where mutants with elevated PUFAs may accumulate more oxidative damage. On the other hand, 10-day asm-3 mutants have fewer TAGs. Intriguingly, asm-3 mutants have a similar lipid composition as the long-lived, caloric restriction model eat-2/mAChR mutant. Together, these analyses highlight the utility of lipidomic analyses to characterize metabolic changes during aging in C. elegans.

Designing Dual Compartment HIV Prevention Products: Women's Sensory Perceptions and Experiences of Suppositories for Rectal and Vaginal Use.

Dual compartment suppositories are being developed to prevent HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Such products, for use in the rectum, the vagina, or both, could have a significant public health impact by decreasing global incidence of these diseases. In this study, 16 women each used two rheologically distinct suppositories in their vagina and rectum. User Sensory Perception and Experience (USPE) scales assessed sensory experiences during sexual activity to understand whether, and how, women perceive formulation properties in the vagina and rectum. Qualitative data from individual in-depth interviews captured women's descriptions and comparisons of the experiences. Significant differences and large Cohen's d effect sizes between vaginal and rectal experiences of suppository-A were found for three scales: Application (APP): Product Awareness, SEX: Initial Penetration; and SEX: Effortful. Qualitative data provided user experience details that credibly align with these score differences. Near significant differences and large effect sizes were found for two additional scales: SEX: Perceived Wetness with suppository-A and SEX: Messiness with suppository-B. In addition, other scale scores showed medium-to-large effect sizes that correspond to hypothesized sensations associated with biophysical properties of the suppositories. Statistical significance combined with large effect sizes and qualitative data accurately represent the hypothesized perceptibility of suppository properties and identifies performance characteristics relevant to acceptability and adherence; together these data provide discernment of factors that can guide the development of dual compartment products. The Clinical Trial Registration number: NCT02744261.

Characterizing Post-treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome: A Mixed Methods Study of Patients at a Lyme Disease Clinic in Rhode Island.

BACKGROUND: Mixed quantitative and qualitative research methods may be useful for characterizing the experiences of patients with post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome. METHODS: 15 participants completed demographic and screening questions, surveys assessing quality of life, fatigue, pain, cognitive functioning, and other patient- reported outcomes, a semi-structured in-depth interview, and consented to a Lyme-related medical chart review. RESULTS: Participants reported mild to moderate symptoms and functional impairments on patient-reported outcome surveys and in-depth interviews. Participants reported on a number of management strategies that they found more or less effective in managing their symptoms. Participants endorsed the need for better clinical assessment of symptom patterns over time, greater Lyme-related education for providers, more holistic approaches to diagnosis and care, and the desire to participate in Lyme-focused support groups. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, participants desired a more holistic approach to diagnosis, symptom assessment, and symptom management. Recommendations for future research and clinical considerations are discussed.

'I feel like a person has a right to use a product to protect themselves ': a qualitative study of the risk-benefit calculus on women's contraceptive use and choice.

Background Reducing pregnancy risk requires a multidimensional approach to sexual and reproductive health product development. The purpose of this analysis is to identify, compare, and contrast women's pre-use beliefs and attitudes about three different forms of contraceptives: intravaginal rings; spermicide in conjunction with condoms; and oral contraceptive pills - and explore how those attitudes and beliefs, along with actual method-use experience, may affect potential choices in contraceptive method moving forward. The relationship of beliefs and attitudes to their risk-benefit calculations when using these methods was also considered.? METHODS: Women used one or more contraceptive methods, each for 3-6 months. Qualitative data from individual in-depth interviews completed after each 3-month use period were analysed using a summary matrix framework. Data were extracted and summarised into themes. Each woman's experiences were compared among the methods she used; comparisons were also made across participants. RESULTS: The data consist of 33 90-120 min in-depth qualitative interviews from 16 women aged 20-34 years, in which they discussed various elements of their method use experience. One prominent theme was identified: the influence of attitudes and beliefs on the risk-benefit calculus. There were six key elements within the theme: pregnancy prevention; dosing and the potential for user error; side-effects; familiarity; disclosure; and sexual partnerships. CONCLUSIONS: Women weighed perceived risks and benefits in their decision-making and, ultimately, their contraception choices. Understanding women's beliefs and attitudes that contribute to a calculation of risk-benefit can inform the development of sexual and reproductive health products.

A Qualitative Systematic Review of Women's Experiences Using Contraceptive Vaginal Rings: Implications for New Technologies.

CONTEXT: Vaginal rings are available for contraception and hormone replacement, and are being developed as HIV/STD or multipurpose prevention technologies. A comprehensive understanding of women's expectations of and experiences with rings is urgently needed to inform product development and to optimize ring use. METHODS: Three databases (PubMed, Global Health and CINAHL) were searched for English-language, peer-reviewed articles published between January 1996 and November 2017 that reported qualitative data on barriers to and facilitators of use of female-controlled contraceptive methods. Data on study methods, findings and conclusions pertaining to contraceptive rings were extracted, organized and analyzed. RESULTS: Twenty-six articles, all published since 2008, met the inclusion criteria. Seven studies focused largely or entirely on rings (and involved current, former or potential users), while the others focused on other contraceptive methods but included ring-specific data. Familiarity with the ring was low, and women commonly had initial concerns about the method-often related to insertion and removal, cleanliness and discomfort with touching their vagina-that were typically overcome over time. Other major themes were issues related to ring use and discontinuation, the importance of ring-related properties and characteristics, and considerations related to sexual partners and health care providers. CONCLUSIONS: Qualitative data have the potential to inform ring design and promotion. Future research should further explore women's expectations and experiences with the ring, the value of involving male partners in ring evaluation, and evaluation of interventions to improve patient-provider communication concerning ring choice and use.

RESUMEN Contexto: Los anillos vaginales están disponibles para la anticoncepción y el reemplazo hormonal, y se están desarrollando como tecnologías de prevención del VIH/ETS o de propósitos múltiples. Se necesita con urgencia una comprensión integral de las expectativas y experiencias de las mujeres con los anillos para fundamentar el desarrollo del producto y optimizar el uso del anillo. Métodos: Entre enero de 1996 y noviembre de 2017, se realizaron búsquedas en tres bases de datos (PubMed, Global Health y CINAHL) sobre artículos en idioma inglés sometidos a revisión por pares, que aportaron datos cualitativos sobre barreras y facilitadores del uso de métodos anticonceptivos controlados por mujeres. Los datos sobre los métodos de estudio, hallazgos y conclusiones relacionados con los anillos anticonceptivos se extrajeron, organizaron y analizaron. Resultados: Veintiséis artículos, todos publicados desde 2008, cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión en el análisis. Siete estudios se centraron en gran medida o completamente en los anillos (e involucraron usuarias actuales, anteriores o potenciales), mientras que los otros estudios se centraron en otros métodos anticonceptivos, pero incluyeron datos específicos sobre el anillo. La familiaridad con el anillo era baja y las mujeres generalmente expresaron preocupaciones iniciales sobre el método ­muchas veces en relación con la inserción y extracción, la limpieza y la incomodidad al tocar su vagina­ que típicamente se superaban con el tiempo. Otros temas importantes fueron aspectos relacionados con el uso y la interrupción del uso del anillo, la importancia de las propiedades y características relacionadas con el anillo y consideraciones relacionadas con parejas sexuales y proveedores de servicios médicos. Conclusiones: Los datos cualitativos tienen potencial para fundamentar el diseño y la promoción de los anillos vaginales. Las investigaciones futuras deben explorar más a fondo las expectativas y experiencias de las mujeres con respecto al anillo, el valor de involucrar a los compañeros masculinos en la evaluación del anillo y la evaluación de las intervenciones para mejorar la comunicación entre paciente y proveedor con respecto a la elección y el uso del anillo.

RÉSUMÉ Contexte: L'anneau vaginal, déjà proposé à des fins de contraception et de traitement hormonal de substitution, fait aujourd'hui l'objet d'une mise au point parmi les technologies de prévention du VIH/sida ou polyvalente. Il est impératif de bien comprendre les attentes et le vécu des utilisatrices pour éclairer la mise au point du produit et en optimiser l'usage. Méthodes: Trois bases de données (PubMed, Global Health et CINAHL) ont été consultées à la recherche d'articles en langue anglaise évalués par les pairs et publiés entre janvier 1996 et novembre 2017, faisant état de données qualitatives sur les obstacles et les facteurs propices à l'usage des méthodes contraceptives contrôlées par les femmes. Les données relatives aux méthodes d'étude, aux observations et aux conclusions pertinentes à l'anneau contraceptif en ont été extraites, puis organisées et analysées. Résultats: Vingt-six articles publiés, tous depuis 2018, ont répondu aux critères d'inclusion. Sept études concernaient largement ou exclusivement l'anneau (avec participation des utilisatrices actuelles, passées ou potentielles); les autres examinaient d'autres méthodes contraceptives mais présentaient des données spécifiques à l'anneau. L'anneau n'était guère familier aux femmes, dont les préoccupations initiales à l'égard de la méthode ­ souvent liées aux questions d'insertion et de retrait, d'hygiène et de gêne au contact du vagin ­ se dissipaient toutefois au fil du temps. Les autres grands thèmes touchaient à l'utilisation de l'anneau et à l'arrêt de la méthode, à l'importance de ses propriétés et caractéristiques et à des considérations relatives aux partenaires sexuels et aux prestataires de soins de santé. Conclusions: Les données qualitatives offrent un potentiel utile à la conception et à la promotion de l'anneau. La recherche future devra examiner davantage les attentes et le vécu des femmes à son égard, l'importance de la participation des partenaires masculins à son évaluation et l'évaluation des interventions entreprises pour améliorer la communication entre patientes et prestataires quant au choix et à l'utilisation de la méthode.

A Qualitative Study of the Contraceptive Effect on Women's Sexual Experiences: Beyond Hormonal Effects.

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the effects of the intravaginal ring, oral contraceptive pill (OCP), and spermicide plus condom on women's sexual experiences through an in-depth understanding of the physical characteristics of these contraceptive methods. METHODS: We conducted qualitative in-depth interviews with women (aged 18-45 years) who used up to three contraceptive methods (intravaginal ring, OCP, and spermicide plus condom). Women completed in-depth interviews after each 3-month use period. We used a summarized matrix framework and thematic content analysis to explore how each method affected participants' sexual experiences. RESULTS: Sixteen women completed interviews, yielding 33 transcripts. Women reported physical effects on their sexual experiences while using the intravaginal ring and spermicide plus condom. The OCP was often discussed as lacking these physical effects. Discussion themes included product administration (eg, navigating intravaginal ring removal) and physical product awareness (eg, spermicide as a lubricant). From these experiences, women often altered and individualized their use and subsequent opinions of the contraceptive method. CONCLUSION: The range of contraceptive effects on women's sexual experiences shape their use and opinions of the product, leading to either increased motivation and consistent use or poor adherence and discontinuation. Awareness of these individualized experiences can help providers better understand and guide their patients towards successful contraceptive use.

A Qualitative Systematic Review of Women's Experiences Using Contraceptive Vaginal Rings: Implications for New Technologies.

CONTEXT: Vaginal rings are available for contraception and hormone replacement, and are being developed as HIV/STD or multipurpose prevention technologies. A comprehensive understanding of women's expectations of and experiences with rings is urgently needed to inform product development and to optimize ring use. METHODS: Three databases (PubMed, Global Health and CINAHL) were searched for English-language, peer-reviewed articles published between January 1996 and November 2017 that reported qualitative data on barriers to and facilitators of use of female-controlled contraceptive methods. Data on study methods, findings and conclusions pertaining to contraceptive rings were extracted, organized and analyzed. RESULTS: Twenty-six articles, all published since 2008, met the inclusion criteria. Seven studies focused largely or entirely on rings (and involved current, former or potential users), while the others focused on other contraceptive methods but included ring-specific data. Familiarity with the ring was low, and women commonly had initial concerns about the method-often related to insertion and removal, cleanliness and discomfort with touching their vagina-that were typically overcome over time. Other major themes were issues related to ring use and discontinuation, the importance of ring-related properties and characteristics, and considerations related to sexual partners and health care providers. CONCLUSIONS: Qualitative data have the potential to inform ring design and promotion. Future research should further explore women's expectations and experiences with the ring, the value of involving male partners in ring evaluation, and evaluation of interventions to improve patient-provider communication concerning ring choice and use.

User evaluations offer promise for pod-intravaginal ring as a drug delivery platform: A mixed methods study of acceptability and use experiences.

BACKGROUND: Effective HIV prevention requires efficient delivery of safe and efficacious drugs and optimization of user adherence. The user's experiences with the drug, delivery system, and use parameters are critical to product acceptability and adherence. Prevention product developers have the opportunity to directly control a drug delivery system and its impact on acceptability and adherence, as well as product efficacy. Involvement of potential users during preclinical design and development can facilitate this process. We embedded a mixed methods user evaluation study into a safety and pharmacokinetics (PK) trial of a pod-intravaginal ring delivering antiretroviral agents. METHODOLOGY: Women enrolled in two cohorts, ultimately evaluating the safety/PK of a pod-IVRs delivering TDF-alone, TDF-FTC, and/or TDF-FTC-MVC. A 7-day use period was targeted for each pod-IVR, regardless of drug or drug combination. During the clinical study, participants provided both quantitative (i.e., survey) and qualitative (i.e., in-depth interview) data capturing acceptability, perceptibility, and adherence behaviors. Initial sexual and reproductive health history surveys, daily diaries, a final acceptability and willingness to use survey, and a qualitative in-depth interview comprised the user evaluation data for each pod-IVR experienced by the participants. FINDINGS: Overall, the majority of participants (N = 10) reported being willing to use the pod-IVR platform for HIV prevention should it advance to market. Confidence to use the pod-IVR (e.g., insertion, removal) was high. There were no differences noted in the user experience of the pod-IVR platform; that is, whether the ring delivered TDF-alone, TDF-FTC, or TDF-FTC-MVC, users' experiences of the ring were similar and acceptable. Participants did report specific experiences, both sensory and behavioral, that impacted their use behaviors with respect to the ring, and which could ultimately impact acceptability and adherence. These experiences, and user evaluations elicited by them, could both challenge use or be used to leverage use in future trials and product rollout once fully articulated. CONCLUSIONS: High willingness-to-use data and lack of salient differences in user experiences related to use of the pod-IVR platform (regardless of agents delivered) suggests that the pod-IVR is a feasible and acceptable drug delivery device in and of itself. This finding holds promise both for an anti-HIV pod-IVR and, potentially, a multipurpose prevention pod-IVR that could deliver both prevention for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV and contraception. Given the very early clinical trial context, further acceptability, perceptibility, and adherence data should continue to be explored, in the context of longer use periods (e.g., 28-day ring use), and in the contexts of sexual activity and menses. Using early design and development contexts to gain insights into potential challenges and facilitators of drug delivery systems such as the pod-IVR could save valuable resources and time as a potential biomedical technology moves through the clinical trial pipeline and into real-world use.

User input in iterative design for prevention product development: leveraging interdisciplinary methods to optimize effectiveness.

The development of HIV-preventive topical vaginal microbicides has been challenged by a lack of sufficient adherence in later stage clinical trials to confidently evaluate effectiveness. This dilemma has highlighted the need to integrate translational research earlier in the drug development process, essentially applying behavioral science to facilitate the advances of basic science with respect to the uptake and use of biomedical prevention technologies. In the last several years, there has been an increasing recognition that the user experience, specifically the sensory experience, as well as the role of meaning-making elicited by those sensations, may play a more substantive role than previously thought. Importantly, the role of the user-their sensory perceptions, their judgements of those experiences, and their willingness to use a product-is critical in product uptake and consistent use post-marketing, ultimately realizing gains in global public health. Specifically, a successful prevention product requires an efficacious drug, an efficient drug delivery system, and an effective user. We present an integrated iterative drug development and user experience evaluation method to illustrate how user-centered formulation design can be iterated from the early stages of preclinical development to leverage the user experience. Integrating the user and their product experiences into the formulation design process may help optimize both the efficiency of drug delivery and the effectiveness of the user.

Baja adherencia al régimen de hemodiálisis en pacientes con enfermedad crónica renal en un hospital de referencia del Ministerio de Salud en Perú / Low adherence to hemodialysis regime in patients with chronic renal disease in a Peruvian Ministry of Health reference hospital

Introducción: La ausencia a una sesión mensual en un esquema de diálisis convencional puede incrementar la mortalidad en 30 por ciento. Objetivos: Describir la frecuencia y la percepción de las causas de falta de adherencia a diálisis en una población prevalente de un hospital público de referencia nacional en Perú. Diseño: Estudio descriptivo. Institución: Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Nacional 2 de Mayo, Lima, Perú. Participantes: Pacientes con más de un año en diálisis Intervenciones: Se determinó el número de faltas y se aplicó un cuestionario para describir su percepción respecto a las causas de las faltas, validado por juicio de expertos. Principales medidas de resultados: Baja adherencia a diálisis definida como: pacientes con más de una falta al mes o más de 12 faltas, entre julio de 2012 y julio de 2013. Resultados: Se incluyó 54 pacientes, 27 eran varones, con una edad y tiempo de diálisis promedio de 57 ± 16,4 años y 40,6 ± 11,5 meses, respectivamente; 7/54 pacientes tenían educación superior. Hubo 504 faltas (5,45 por ciento). El segundo día de la programación semanal fue el día con mayor frecuencia de faltas (292), seguido del tercer día (145); 13/54 tuvieron baja adherencia. Las principales causas reportadas fueron: una residencia alejada (6/13), la sensación de bienestar (6/13), el contar con escasos recursos económicos para solventar el traslado (5/13). Conclusiones: Uno de cada cuatro pacientes tuvo baja adherencia. El residir lejos o que se sintiera bien fueron las principales causas de la baja adherencia...

Background: Failing to attend a monthly session within a scheme of conventional dialysis may increase mortality by 30 per cent. Objectives: To describe the frequency and perceived causes of non-adherence to dialysis in a Peruvian national reference public hospital. Design: Descriptive study. Setting: Nephrology department, Hospital Nacional 2 de Mayo, Lima, Peru. Participants: Patients with more than one year on dialysis. Interventions: The number of absences to appointed sessions was determined and a validated questionnaire was used to describe perceptions regarding the causes of absences. Main outcomes measures: Low adherence to dialysis defined as patients with more than one absence per month or more than 12 absences between July 2012 and July 2013. Results: The study included 54 patients, of which 27 were male. Average age was 57 ± 16.4 years and average time on dialysis was 40.6 ± 11.5 months. Only 7 patients had higher education. There were 504 absences (5.45 per cent). The second day of the weekly schedule was the day with more absences (292), followed by the third day (145). Overall 13 patients showed low adherence. Main causes of absence reported included a remote residence (6/13), feeling good (6/13), and insufficient financial resources to cover transportation costs (5/13). Conclusions: A quarter of patients had low adherence, and main factors were distance to health facility and wellbeing self-perception...

Factores asociados a albuminuria en pacientes diabéticos en su primera consulta nefrológica / Factors associated albuminuria in diabetic patients in her first nephrology consultation

Objetivos: Determinar cuáles son los factores asociados a albuminuria en pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 que acuden por primera vez a una consulta nefrológica en hospitales públicos de Lima. Métodos: Estudio multicéntrico de los pacientes diabéticos en su primera consulta nefrológica en el Hospital Nacional 2 de Mayo, Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza, Hospital Daniel Alcides Carrión y Hospital María Auxiliadora entre Septiembre 2011 y Febrero 2012. Se realizó un análisis multivariado mediante regresión logística de los factores de riesgo para albuminuria. Resultados: Se estudiaron 200 pacientes diabéticos con edad media de 60,3 años. El 70% eran hipertensos, el 36,5% eran obesos, el 52,8% tenía dislipidemia y el 57% tenía una TFG < 60 ml/ min. El 26,85% tenía albuminuria menor de 30 mg/24 horas; el 23,15% tenía albuminuria entre 30 a 300 mg/24horas y el 50% tenía albuminuria mayor de 300 mg/24 horas. El 11,11% de los pacientes en ERC estadio 5 no cursó con albuminuria. En el análisis multivariado la albuminuria se asoció a sexo femenino OR 3,721 (p=0.024) y al estadio de la ERC OR 1,926 (p=0.007). Conclusiones: Más de las tres cuartas partes de nuestros pacientes llegan a consulta con albuminuria y está asociada a sexo femenino y estadio de la ERC.

Objectives: To determine the factors associated with albuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients attending for the first time to a nephrology consultation in public hospitals in Lima Methods: Multicenter diabetic patients at their first nephrology at the Hospital Nacional 2 de Mayo, Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza, Hospital Daniel Alcidez Carrión and Hospital Maria Auxiliadora between September 2011 and February 2012. We performed a multivariate logistic regression analysis o risk factors for albuminuria. Results: We studied 200 diabetic patients with a mean age of 60.3 years. 70% were hypertensive, 36.5% were obese, 52.8% had dyslipidemia, and 57% had a GFR <60 ml / min. The albuminuria was 26.85% less than 30 mg/24 hours was 23.15% on albuminuria between 30 to 300 mg/24horas and albuminuria was 50% greater than 300 mg/24 hours. The 11.11% of patients in stage 5 CKD not attended with albuminuria. In the multivariate analysis was associated with albuminuria females OR 3,721 (p=0.024) and stage of CKD OR 1, 96 (p=0.007). Conclusions: More than three quarters of our patients come to consult with albuminuria and is associated with female sex and stage of CKD.

Factores asociados a albuminuria en pacientes diabéticos en su primera consulta nefrológica / Factors associated albuminuria in diabetic patients in her first nephrology consultation

Objetivos: Determinar cuáles son los factores asociados a albuminuria en pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 que acuden por primera vez a una consulta nefrológica en hospitales públicos de Lima. Métodos: Estudio multicéntrico de los pacientes diabéticos en su primera consulta nefrológica en el Hospital Nacional 2 de Mayo, Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza, Hospital Daniel Alcides Carrión y Hospital María Auxiliadora entre Septiembre 2011 y Febrero 2012. Se realizó un análisis multivariado mediante regresión logística de los factores de riesgo para albuminuria. Resultados: Se estudiaron 200 pacientes diabéticos con edad media de 60,3 años. El 70% eran hipertensos, el 36,5% eran obesos, el 52,8% tenía dislipidemia y el 57% tenía una TFG < 60 ml/ min. El 26,85% tenía albuminuria menor de 30 mg/24 horas; el 23,15% tenía albuminuria entre 30 a 300 mg/24horas y el 50% tenía albuminuria mayor de 300 mg/24 horas. El 11,11% de los pacientes en ERC estadio 5 no cursó con albuminuria. En el análisis multivariado la albuminuria se asoció a sexo femenino OR 3,721 (p=0.024) y al estadio de la ERC OR 1,926 (p=0.007). Conclusiones: Más de las tres cuartas partes de nuestros pacientes llegan a consulta con albuminuria y está asociada a sexo femenino y estadio de la ERC.(AU)

Objectives: To determine the factors associated with albuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients attending for the first time to a nephrology consultation in public hospitals in Lima Methods: Multicenter diabetic patients at their first nephrology at the Hospital Nacional 2 de Mayo, Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza, Hospital Daniel Alcidez Carrión and Hospital Maria Auxiliadora between September 2011 and February 2012. We performed a multivariate logistic regression analysis o risk factors for albuminuria. Results: We studied 200 diabetic patients with a mean age of 60.3 years. 70% were hypertensive, 36.5% were obese, 52.8% had dyslipidemia, and 57% had a GFR <60 ml / min. The albuminuria was 26.85% less than 30 mg/24 hours was 23.15% on albuminuria between 30 to 300 mg/24horas and albuminuria was 50% greater than 300 mg/24 hours. The 11.11% of patients in stage 5 CKD not attended with albuminuria. In the multivariate analysis was associated with albuminuria females OR 3,721 (p=0.024) and stage of CKD OR 1, 96 (p=0.007). Conclusions: More than three quarters of our patients come to consult with albuminuria and is associated with female sex and stage of CKD.(AU)

Hipertensión arterial e hipertensión paradójica en los pacientes en hemodiálisis / Arterial hypertension and paradoxical hypertension in hemodialysis patients

Objetivos. Describir las características de la hipertensión arterial (HTA) y la hipertensión arterial paradójica (HTAP), y sus factores asociados en pacientes en hemodiálisis. Material y Métodos. Se estudió a 203 pacientes. Se definió HTA como antecedente clínico y/o toma de medicamentos para la HTA; presión arterial promedio (PAP): presión arterial medida antes y después de hemodiálisis; HTA no controlada, si PAP >140/90 mmHg. Se definió HTAP como presión diastólica posdiálisis mayor de 10 mmHg que en prediálisis. Se evaluó edad, tiempo en diálisis, etiología de la enfermedad, peso interdialítico, antecedente cardiovascular, analítica individual, tipo y número de antihipertensivos. Se realizó un análisis univariante y multivariante de estas variables. Resultados. La prevalencia de HTA fue 79,8 por ciento y la de HTA no controlada, 54,9 por ciento. La edad promedio fue 56,25 ± 15,29 años. Las causas de enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) fueron HTA, 37,7 por ciento, y diabetes mellitus (DM), 29 por ciento. El tiempo en diálisis promedio 41,8 ± 32,92 meses; variación de peso interdialítico 2 376,60 ± 1 019,31 g. Con antecedente cardiovascular, 19,75 por ciento: insuficiencia cardiaca (IC), 9,85 por ciento, enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV), 5,56 por ciento. Tomaban antihipertensivos el 88,3 por ciento y el 42,59 por ciento tomaba más de un antihipertensivo. Hemoglobina 9,6 ± 2.55 g/dL. No se encontró ningún factor asociado a HTA y la HTA no controlada se asoció a un mayor número de antihipertensivos (OR: 2,053; IC 95 por ciento: 1,248-3,378). La prevalencia de HTAP fue 12 por ciento. El tiempo en diálisis fue 43,8 ± 27,8 meses, la variación del peso interdialítico 2 384,0 ± 912,3 g. La causa de ERC fue HTA 33,3 por ciento, DM 29,6 por ciento. Con antecedente cardiovascular 9,5 por ciento: IC, 4,8 por ciento; ECV, 4,8 por ciento, El 66,7 por ciento tomaba más de un antihipertensivo. Hemoglobina 9,27 ± 2,77 g/dL. La...

Objectives. To describe arterial hypertension (AH) and paradoxical arterial hypertension (PAH) characteristics and their associated factors in hemodialysis patients. Material and methods. We studied 203 patients. AH was defined as a clinic antecedent for these patients or if they were taking medication for AH. Average arterial pressure (AAP) was calculated with arterial pressure measured before and after hemodialysis session. No-controlled AH was a AAP > 140/90 mmHg. PAH was defined as a postdialysis arterial pressure greater than 10 mmHg than the predialysis pressure. We evaluated age, time in dialysis, etiology of end stage renal disease (ESRD), interdialytic weight variation, cardiovascular antecedents, individual laboratory tests, and antihypertensive drugs (classand number). Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed on these variables. Results. Prevalence of AH was 79,8 percent and no-controlled AH was 54,9. Average age was 56,25 ± 15,29 years. Etiology of ESRD was AH 37,7 percent and diabetes mellitus 29 percent. Average time in dialysis was 41,8±32,92 months; interdialytic weight variation 2 376,60 ± 1 019,31 g. There were cardiovascular antecedents in 19,75 percent of the patients (cardiac failure in 9,85 percent and cardiovascular disease in 5,56 percent). Patients were taking antihypertensive drugs in 88,3 percent (angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors 58,09 percent, calcium antagonists 54,94 percent and more than one antihypertensive drug 42,59 percent).Hemoglobin was 9,6 ± 2,55 g/dL. We can not find any factor associated to AH in multivariate analysis; but no-controlled AH was associated with a greater intake of antihypertensive drugs(OR 2,053; IC 95 percent 1,248-3,378). Prevalence of PAH was 12 percent. Time in dialysis was 43,8 ± 27,8 months, interdialytic weight variation was 2384,0 ± 912,3 g. Etiology of ESRD was AH 33,3 percent and diabetes mellitus 29,6 percent...

Prurito en pacientes en hemodiálisis / Pruritus in hemodialysis patients

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia, características de la clínica y factores relacionados a prurito en pacientes de hemodiálisis. Material y métodos: Estudiamos a 188 pacientes de hemodiálisis crónica. Se encuestó a los pacientes para determinar la prevalencia y la clínica de prurito (alteración del sueño, frecuencia, localización, calendario, relación con diálisis y tratamiento). Se evaluó la relación entre los antecedentes de prurito y clínica y de laboratorio (calcio, fósforo, albúmina, ferritina, Kt/V, RCP, hemoglobina y hepatitis). Se realizó un análisis univariante y multivariante de estas variables. Resultados: La prevalencia de prurito fue 37,2 por ciento. El sueño fue perturbado en 37,14 por ciento, con una intensidad moderada de acuerdo a una escala visual analógica (6,2 puntos). El prurito tuvo una presentación diaria en el 98,8 por ciento de los pacientes; fue localizado en la parte posterior en 47,5 por ciento, principalmente en la mañanas 41,3 por ciento, posdiálisis en 45,7 por ciento, con tratamiento en 23 por ciento (principalmente antihistamínicos 24,7 por ciento). Los factores relacionados al prurito fueron hepatitis B (OR de 3,6; IC 95 por ciento 1,22 10,64) e hiperfosfatemia (O 1,21; IC 95 por ciento 1,03 1,42). Conclusiones: La prevalencia de prurito fue alta en los pacientes de hemodiálisis, su presencia fue diaria y alteró la calidad del sueño. Encontramos que el prurito se relacionó con hepatitis b y hiperfosfatemia.

Objective. To determine the prevalence, clinic characteristics and related factors to pruritus in hemodialysis patients. Material and methods. We studied 188 chronic hemodialysis patients. Prevalence and clinic characteristics of pruritus (sleep disturbance, frequency, localization, timing, relation to dialysis and treatment) were searched. The relationship between pruritus and clinic antecedents and laboratory analytic (calcium, phosphorus, albumin, ferritin, Kt/V, RCP, hemoglobin and hepatitis) was evaluated. A univariate and multivariate analysis were performed on these variables. Results. Prevalence of pruritus was 37,2 percent. Sleep was disturbed in 37,14 percent, with a moderate intensity according to an analogue visual scale (6,2 points). Pruritus was present daily in 57,7 percent of the patients; it was localized on the back in 47,5 percent, predominantly in the morning in 41,3 percent, postdialysis in 45,7 percent, with treatment in 23 percent (mainly antihistaminic drugs were administered in 24,7 percent). The related factors to pruritus were hepatitis B (OR of 3,6; IC 95 percent 1,22-10,64) and hyperphosphatemia (OR 1,21; IC 95 percent 1,03-1,42). Conclusions. Prevalence of pruritus was high in hemodialysis patients, its presence was a daily and disturbing sleep quality complaint, and under treated. We found that pruritus was related to hepatitis B and hyperphosphatemia.